The Molecular Mechanism of Nanoparticle-Mediated Toxicity, Regeneration and Wound Healing in Drosophila Melanogaster

Abstract

The development of nanoparticles (NPs) in nanotechnology has emerged as a potential target for studying applied science and technology. NPs are used in various sectors, such as food industries, cosmetics, biomedical, drug design, and drug delivery. NPs are classified as inorganic or organic, carbon or polymeric or ceramic-based, and metal or metal oxides. NPs showed both beneficial and harmful effects when exposed to an organism. Due to the worldwide applications of NPs, humans and animals are significantly exposed. The toxicity of NPs may depend on the nanomaterial's shape, size, and surface area. NPs showed cytotoxic and genotoxic and may alter the physiology and behaviour of the organism by altering various signaling pathways. Metal, metal oxide and polymeric NPs were used extensively in food packaging due to their antimicrobial and antifungal activities. However, when we consume these foods, these NPs can easily enter our body and causes many symptoms and disease. Many studies have reported the toxicity of NPs using various in vitro and in vivo models. But, the studies failed to underline the toxicity, safe, and appropriate applications of NPs simultaneously. Therefore, the current study aims to scrutinise the effect and molecular mechanism of NPs mediated toxicity and its application in regeneration and wound healing by using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. The first objective aims to investigate the effects of Al O nanoparticles (AlNPs) as potential mutagen and teratogen and their toxicity mechanism. AINPS were fed orally along with standard food and were found to alter Drosophila’s growth, development, and behavior. It was observed that both larvae and adult flies showed high ROS formation and neuronal disorder by altering the antioxidant enzymes. AINPs showed high toxicity to gut cells, resulting in DNA damage, micronuclei formation, and mitochondria depletion. The second objective elucidates the toxicity of polymeric Fe3O4-GG nanocomposite (GGNCS) and its application in nanomedicine. After feeding GGNCS, the toxicity profile was checked and found negligible cytotoxic effects according to their concentrations. GGNCS were able to reduce flyweight, glucose, and triglyceride contents. The behavioural abnormalities were also observed on treated larvae and files. Alteration of antioxidant enzymes in treatment showed ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner. The third objective is to investigate the toxicity and role of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) for wound healing and regeneration application in nanomedicine. Investigation showed that PtNPs have a very negligible amount of cytotoxic effect. But, PtNPs can scavenge the ROS by mimicking an antioxidant enzyme and protecting the cells from oxidative stress. PtNPs also interact with hemolymph and help in angiogenesis. It was also observed that PtNPs help in mitochondrial biogenesis. Further, PtNPs were also applied in wound healing and observed that they fastened the wound healing and tissue regeneration process compared to the non-treatment. Together, all the studies revealed the toxic effect and the safe application of metal oxide (i.e., AlNPs), polymeric (i.e., GGNCs), and metal (i.e., PtNPs) NPs.