Alleviation of Diabetes using Prebiotic Inulin Extracted from Pachyrhizus Erosus with Probiotics in Drosophila Melanogaster

Abstract

The increasing mortality due to hypertension and hypercholesterolemia is directly linked with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Reports suggest that the prebiotics along with probiotics help in lowering the risk of T2D. Inulin, a prebiotic is well-known for its anti-diabetic effect. The property of inulin is further linked with isolated source and technique. The current study optimizes the isolation of inulin from Jicama roots (Pachyrhizus erosus). Inulin was extracted from hot air-dried Jicama roots. After steam blanching, the hot air drying (50.86-79.14°C hot air temperature and 0.79-2.21 ms-1 air velocity) of Jicama root slices was done followed by extraction of inulin (0.68-2.81 W/g microwave power density (MWPD) and 2.59-5.41 min extraction time) by microwave heating. The 1H NMR, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Raman confirmed the functional groups and purity of inulin. The shape and size of the extracted inulin was determined from scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractogram. The isolated inulin has phenolic and flavonoid content of 8.18 ± 0.62 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 14.38 ± 4.19 mg rutin equivalent/g of dried polysaccharide, respectively. The inhibition percentage of DPPH and FRAP of isolated inulin was found to be 75.74 ± 4.5% and 0.11 ± 0.007, respectively. The isolated inulin also promotes the growth of probiotics. Inulin along with probiotic (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (MZ540317) and Enterococcus faecium (MZ540315)) is utilized for treating T2D in high-fat diet-induced Drosophila melanogaster model. The high-fat diet-induced Drosophila showed deposition of lipid and formation of micronuclei in the gut. The larva and adult treated with probiotics and synbiotic (probiotic + prebiotic (inulin)) comparatively reduced the deposition of lipid and micronuclei number in the gut. The increased triglyceride and glucose in the whole body of the fatty larva and adult indicated the onset of diabetes. The overexpression of insulin-like genes (Dilp 2) and (Dilp 5) confirmed the insulin resistance, whereas the expression was reduced in the larva and adult supplemented with probiotics and synbiotic. The reactive oxygen species level was reduced after the supplementation of probiotics. The weight, larva size, crawling speed, and climbing were also altered in high-fat diet-induced Drosophila. The study confirmed that the effects of probiotics and synbiotic can successfully lower diabetes in Drosophila. The study also proved the anti-diabetic potential of the isolated inulin. Further, it was also confirmed that probiotics work better in the presence of prebiotics.