Analog fabrication of PID controller

Abstract

The PID controller has been used and dominated the process control industries for a long time as it provides the control action in terms of compensation based on present error input(proportional control), on past error(integral control) and on future error if recorded by earlier experience or some means(derivative control). The PID controllers have excellent property of making the system response faster and at the same time reduce the steady state error to zero or at least to a very small tolerance limit. The work below starts with study of individual components of the controller and their responses in a certain environment for different test signals (say a step or sine wave input).The problem is to design a PID controller using appropriate analog circuit as well as understand and utilize the advantages of all the three terms. The below work is for the study of an analog PID controller using operational amplifiers and fabricate the controller on hardware after testing the individual terms:-proportional, integral and derivative.